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数字期权,国债卷的数学题

3000*(1+0.0615)(1+0.0615)(1+0.0615)=3588.2利息588.2元 Interim Measures on of Banks

Order No.6 of the People's Bank of ChinaMay 15, 2002

Chapter I General Article 1 These rules are on the basis of "Law on the People's bank of China of the People's Republic of China" and " Banking Law of the People's Bank of China", which aim to market of banks, of banks, safeguard interests of and other and promote safe, sound and efficient operation of banks. Article 2 These rules are to be applied to banks that are legally within the territory of the People's Republic of China, including domestic banks, wholly foreign funded banks, joint venture banks and branches of foreign banks. Article 3 banks should disclose according to these rules, which are the minimum for banks' . While abiding by these rules, banks can disclose more than what has been required by these rules at their own .In addition to these rules, listed banks should also conform to relevant rules published by body of the industry. Article 4 of banks should be proceeded with laws and , the uniform domestic rules and relevant rules of the PBC. Article 5 banks should disclose in a fashion, while ensuring , accuracy, integrity and . Article 6 Annual financial disclosed by banks should be subject to auditing by firms that are certified to be engaged in finance-related auditing. Article 7 The People's Bank of China is to supervise banks' according to relevant laws and .

Chapter II to be Disclosed Article 8 banks should disclose financial , and on risk , corporate and big events of the year according to these rules. Article 9 banks' financial should include report, annex and notes to this report and of financial position. Article 10 report disclosed by banks should include balance sheet, statement of income (profit and loss account), statement of owner's equity and other charts. Article 11 banks should indicate between the basis of and the basic of in their notes to the report. Article 12 banks should explain in their notes to the report the important policy of and estimates, including: standards, year, reporting currency, basis and valuation ; Type and scope of loans; rules for ; Scope and method of against asset losses; Principle and method of income ; Valuation method for financial ; method for foreign currency business and report; method for report; Valuation and method for fixed assets; Valuation method and policy for assets; policy for long-term deferred expenses; practice for income tax. Article 13 banks should indicate in their notes to the report crucial changes of policy and estimates, items and post-balance sheet items, transfer and sale of important assets. Article 14 banks should indicate in their annex and notes to the report the total volume of related party and major related party . Major related party refer to those with trading volume exceeding 30 million yuan or 1% of total net assets of the bank. Article 15 banks should indicate in their notes to the report detailed breakdown of key in the report, including: (1) Due from banks by the breakdown of domestic and overseas markets. (2) Interbank lending by the breakdown of domestic and overseas markets. (3) balance of loans at the beginning and the end of the year by the breakdown of loans, committed loans, loans and pledged loans. (4) Non- loans at the beginning and end of the year resulted from the risk-based loan . (5) for loan losses at the beginning and the end of the year, new , returned and write-offs in the year. General , specific and special should be disclosed . (6) balance and changes of interest . (7) at the beginning and the end of the year by . (8) Interbank borrowing in domestic and overseas markets. (9) , balance and changes of interest payables. (10) Year-end balance and other details of off-balance sheet , including bank bills, external , letters of guarantee for financing purposes, letters of guarantee for non-financing purposes, loan , letters of credit (spot), letters of credit (forward), financial futures, financial options, etc. (11) Other key . Article 16 banks should disclose in their notes to the report status of capital adequacy, including total value of risk assets, amount and structure of net capital, core capital adequacy ratio and capital adequacy ratio. Article 17 banks should disclose auditing report provided by the appointed firms. Article 18 of financial position should cover the general of the bank, and of profit and other events that have impact on financial position and of the bank. Article 19 banks should disclose following risks and risk details: (1) Credit risk. banks should disclose status of credit risk , credit exposure, credit quality and earnings, including business that generate credit risks, policy of credit risk and control, structure and division of labor in credit risk , procedure and methods of of asset risks, and of credit risks, maturity analysis of over-due loans, of loans and return of assets. (2) Liquidity risk. banks should disclose relevant that can represent their status of liquidity, analyze factors affecting liquidity and indicate their strategy of liquidity . (3) Market risk. banks should disclose risks brought by changes of interest rates and exchange rate on the market, analyzing impacts of such changes on and financial positions of the bank and their strategy of market risk . (4) Operation risk. banks should disclose risks brought by flaws and mistakes of internal , staff and system or by external shocks and indicate the integrity, and of their internal control mechanism. (5) Other risks. Other risks that may bring severe negative impact to the bank. Article 20 banks should disclose following on corporate : (1) ' meeting during the year. (2) Members of the board of directors and its work . (3) Members of the board of and its work . (4) Members of the senior and their profiles. (5) Layout of branches and function . Article 21 Chronicle of events disclosed by banks in the year should at least include the following contents: (1) Names of the ten biggest and changes during the year. (2) Increase or decrease of capital, splitting up and merger. (3) Other important that is necessary for the general public to know. Article 22 of foreign bank branches is to be collected and disclosed by the primary reporting branch.Foreign bank branches don't need to disclose that is only mandated and required for by with legal person status.Foreign bank branches should translate into Chinese and disclose the summary of disclosed by their head offices. Article 23 banks need not disclose of . However, if the omission or of certain or may change or affect the or judge of the users, banks should regarded the as key and disclose them.

Chapter III of Article 24 banks should prepare in Chinese their annual reports with all the to be disclosed and publish them within 4 month after the end of each year. If they are not able to disclose such on time due to special factors, they should apply to the People's Bank of China for delay of at least 15 days in advance. Article 25 banks should submit their annual reports to the People's Bank of China prior to . Article 26 banks should make sure that their and could obtain the annual reports on a timely basis. banks should put their annual reports in their major operation venue, so as to ensure such reports are readily available for the general public to read and check. The PBC encourage banks to disclose main contents of their annual reports to the public through media. Article 27 Boards of directors in banks are for the . If there is no board of directors in the bank, the president (head) of the bank should assume such a .Boards of directors and (heads) of banks should ensure the , accuracy and integrity of the disclosed and take legal for their . Article 28 banks and their involved staff that provide financial with false or important facts should be punished according to the " Rules on of Financial ". firms and involved staff that provide false auditing report should be punished according to the "Interim Measures on Finance-related Auditing Business by Firms".

Chapter IV Article 29 banks with total assets below RMB 1 billion or with total deposits below RMB 500 million are exempted from the . However, the People's Bank of China such banks to disclose according to these rules. Article 30 The People's Bank of China is for the of these rules. Article 31 These rules shall enter into force as of the date of and are to be applied to all banks except city banks.City banks should adopt these rules gradually from January 1, 2003 to January 1, 2006.

中国人民银行令[2002]第6号2002年5月15日

第一章 总 则 第一条 为加强商业银行的市场约束,规范商业银行的信息披露行为,有效维护存款人和相关利益人的合法权益,促进商业银行安全、稳健、高效运行,依据《中华人民共和国中国人民银行法》、《中华人民共和国商业银行法》等法律法规,制定本办法。 第二条 本办法适用于在中华人民共和国境内依法设立的商业银行,包括中资商业银行、外资独资银行、中外合资银行、外国银行分行。 第三条 商业银行应按照本办法规定披露信息。本办法规定为商业银行信息披露的最低要求。商业银行可在遵守本办法规定基础上自行决定披露更多信息。上市商业银行除应遵守本办法规定披露信息外,还应遵守证券监督管理机关有关信息披露的规定。 第四条 商业银行披露信息应当遵守法律法规、国家统一的会计制度和中国人民银行的有关规定。 第五条 商业银行应遵循真实性、准确性、完整性和可比性的原则,规范地披露信息。 第六条 商业银行披露的年度财务会计报告须经获准从事金融相关审计业务的会计师事务所审计。 第七条 中国人民银行根据有关法律法规对商业银行的信息披露进行监督。

第二章 信息披露的内容 第八条 商业银行应按照本办法规定披露财务会计报告、各类风险管理状况、公司治理、年度重大事项等信息。 第九条 商业银行财务会计报告由会计报表、会计报表附注和财务情况说明书组成。 第十条 商业银行披露的会计报表应包括资产负债表、利润表(损益表)、所有者权益变动表及其他有关附表。 第十一条 商业银行应在会计报表附注中说明会计报表编制基础不符合会计核算基本前提的情况。 第十二条 商业银行应在会计报表附注中说明本行的重要会计政策和会计估计,包括:会计报表编制所依据的会计准则、会计年度、记账本位币、记账基础和计价原则;贷款的种类和范围;投资核算方法;计提各项资产减值准备的范围和方法;收入确认原则和方法;衍生金融工具的计价方法;外币业务和报表折算方法;合并会计报表的编制方法;固定资产计价和折旧方法;无形资产计价及摊销政策;长期待摊费用的摊销政策;所得税的会计处理方法等。 第十三条 商业银行应在会计报表附注中说明重要会计政策和会计估计的变更;或有事项和资产负债表日后事项;重要资产转让及其出售。 第十四条 商业银行应在会计报表附注中披露关联方交易的总量及重大关联方交易的情况。重大关联方交易是指交易金额在3000万元以上或占商业银行净资产总额1%以上的关联方交易。 第十五条 商业银行应在会计报表附注中说明会计报表中重要项目的明细资料,包括: (一) 按存放境内、境外同业披露存放同业款项; (二) 按拆放境内、境外同业披露拆放同业款项; (三) 按信用贷款、保证贷款、抵押贷款、质押贷款分别披露贷款的期初数、期末数; (四) 按贷款风险分类的结果披露不良贷款的期初数、期末数; (五) 贷款损失准备的期初数、本期计提数、本期转回数、本期核销数、期末数;一般准备、专项准备和特种准备应分别披露; (六) 应收利息余额及变动情况; (七) 按种类披露投资的期初数、期末数; (八) 按境内、境外同业披露同业拆入款项; (九) 应付利息计提方法、余额及变动情况; (十) 银行承兑汇票、对外担保、融资保函、非融资保函、贷款承诺、开出即期信用证、开出远期信用证、金融期货、金融期权等表外项目,包括上述项目的年末余额及其他具体情况; (十一) 其他重要项目。 第十六条 商业银行应在会计报表附注中披露资本充足状况,包括风险资产总额、资本净额的数量和结构、核心资本充足率、资本充足率。 第十七条 商业银行应披露会计师事务所出具的审计报告。 第十八条 财务情况说明书应当对本行经营的基本情况、利润实现和分配情况以及对本行财务状况、经营成果有重大影响的其他事项进行说明。 第十九条 商业银行应披露下列各类风险和风险管理情况: (一) 信用风险状况。商业银行应披露信用风险管理、信用风险暴露、信贷质量和收益的情况,包括产生信用风险的业务活动、信用风险管理和控制政策、信用风险管理的组织结构和职责划分、资产风险分类的程序和方法、信用风险分布情况、信用风险集中程度、逾期贷款的账龄分析、贷款重组、资产收益率等情况。 (二) 流动性风险状况。商业银行应披露能反映其流动性状况的有关指标,分析影响流动性的因素,说明本行流动性管理策略。 (三) 市场风险状况。商业银行应披露因市场汇率、利率变动而产生的风险,分析汇率、利率的变化对银行盈利能力和财务状况的影响,说明本行的市场风险管理策略。 (四) 操作风险状况。商业银行应披露由于内部程序、人员、系统的不完善或失误,或外部事件造成的风险,并对本行内部控制制度的完整性、合理性和有效性作出说明。 (五) 其他风险状况。其他可能对本行造成严重不利影响的风险因素。 第二十条 商业银行应披露下列公司治理信息: (一) 年度内召开股东大会情况; (二) 董事会的构成及其工作情况; (三) 监事会的构成及其工作情况; (四) 高级管理层成员构成及其基本情况; (五) 银行部门与分支机构设置情况。 第二十一条 商业银行披露的本行年度重要事项,至少应包括下列内容: (一) 最大十名股东名称及报告期内变动情况; (二) 增加或减少注册资本、分立合并事项; (三) 其他有必要让公众了解的重要信息。 第二十二条 外国银行分行的信息由主报告行汇总后披露。外国银行分行无须披露本办法规定的仅适用于法人机构的信息。外国银行分行应将其总行所披露信息摘要译成中文后披露。 第二十三条 商业银行无须披露非关键性项目。但若遗漏或误报某个项目或信息会改变或影响信息使用者的评估或判断时,商业银行应将该项目视为关键性项目予以披露。

第三章 信息披露的管理 第二十四条 商业银行应将信息披露的内容以中文编制成年度报告,于每个会计年度终了后的四个月内披露。因特殊原因不能按时披露的,应至少提前十五日向中国人民银行申请延迟。 第二十五条 商业银行应将年度报告在公布前报送中国人民银行。 第二十六条 商业银行应确保股东及相关利益人能及时获取年度报告。商业银行应将年度报告置放在商业银行的主要营业场所,确保公众能方便、及时地查阅。中国人民银行鼓励商业银行通过媒体向公众披露年度报告的主要信息。 第二十七条 商业银行董事会负责本行的信息披露。未设立董事会的,由行长(单位主要负责人)负责。商业银行的董事会、行长(单位主要负责人)应当保证所披露的信息真实、准确、完整,并就其保证承担相应的法律责任。 第二十八条 对在信息披露中提供虚假的或者隐瞒重要事实的财务会计报告的商业银行及有关责任人员,按照《金融违法行为处罚办法》予以处理。对出具虚假审计报告的会计师事务所及有关责任人员,按照《会计师事务所从事金融相关审计业务暂行办法》予以处理。

第四章 附 则 第二十九条 资产总额低于10亿元人民币或存款余额低于5亿元人民币的商业银行,可免于披露信息。中国人民银行鼓励此类商业银行按照本办法规定披露信息。 第三十条 本办法由中国人民银行负责解释。 第三十一条 本办法自公布之日起在除城市商业银行以外的商业银行范围内施行。城市商业银行自2003年1月1日起到2006年1月1日分步施行本办法。

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数字期权

【期货交易】:指买卖双方成交后不即时交割,而是按契约规定的成交价格内、数量,到约容定的交割期限后再履行交割手续的交易。【期货合约】:期货合约是一种在将来的某个时间交割一定数量和质量等级的商品的远期合约或协议。在已经批准的交易所的交易厅内达成,具有法律的约束力。相对于现货的远期合约来说,具有标准化格式;便于转手买卖;实货交割比例小;履约率甚高。期货交易所为期货合同规定了标准化的数量、质量、交割地点、交割时间,至于期货价格则是随市场行情的变动而变动的。【远期合约】:是根据买卖双方的特殊需求由买卖双方自行签订的合约。

数字期权

1、期权:期权指一段时间以后购买或卖出标的资产的权利。以公司来说,一般只是股版票期权。假权如该公司承诺给你分配期权,那么首先要搞清对应股票的行使价格是多少。期权到期时,需要根据行使价格购入股票。假如承诺给你每股10元,1年有效期。那么1年之后,你有权利以每股10元的价格购入该公司股票。当然,如果届时你认为该公司股票不值10元/股,你也可以考虑放弃该权利。需要注意一点,期权本身也是有价值的,并且可以转让的。你要搞清楚该期权是赠送还是出售,是否可以转让。假如该公司说期权以每手10元卖给你(一般情况下,1手期权对应100股股票),那你要考虑一下购入该期权是否划算,因为届时你购入该公司股票的每股成本为10.1元(10+10/100)。2、如果你购入该公司股票之后企业被收购,从法律上来说,对你来说影响不会太大,因为你已经是该公司的股东,即便你被解聘,你也会有股东分红(如果该公司盈利的话),或者公司会花费一定金额回购你的股份。如果你没有该公司股票,那么作为普通职员,你可能面临续聘、解聘等待遇。

数字期权

债券是发行者为筹集资金发行的、在约定时间支付一定比例的利息,并在到期时偿还本回金的有价证答券。其本质是债的证明书,具有法律效力,发行者通常是政府、企业、银行等。政府债券因为有政府税收作为保障,因而风险最小,但收益也最小。公司债券风险最大,收益相应较高。债券购买者或投资者与发行者之间是一种债权债务关系,债券发行人即债务人,投资者(债券购买者)即债权人。 有限责任公司的期权一般属于股票期权,股票期权指公司员工或回者其他方在交付了期权答费后即取得在合约规定的到期日或到期日以前按协议价买入或卖出一定数量相关股票的权利。是对员工进行激励的众多方法之一,属于长期激励的范畴。股票期权是上市公司给予企业高级管理人员和技术骨干在一定期限内以一种事先约定的价格购买公司普通股的权利。股票期权作为企业管理中一种激励手段源于上世纪50年代的美国,70-80年代走向成熟,为西方大多数公众企业所采用。中国的股票期权计划始于上世纪末,曾出现了上海仪电模式、武汉模式及贝岭模式等多种版本,但都是处于政策不规范前提下的摸索阶段,直到2005年12月31日,中国证监会颁布了《上市公司股权激励管理办法(试行)》,我国的股权激励特别是实施股票期权计划的税收制度和会计制度才有章可循,有力的推动了我国股票期权计划的发展。 香港启顺国际二元期权为您解答:二元期权交易简单但是想要稳定获利还是有难度的,比如K线图要能看懂,投资的心态也要控制好、仓位也要注意,做到这些基本上盈利是没多少问题了 在最基本的对冲操作中,基金管理者在购入一种股票后,同时购入这种股票的一定价位和时效的看跌期权(Put Option)。看跌期权的效用在于当股票价位跌破期权限定的价格时,卖方期权的持有者可将手中持有的股票以期权限定的价格卖出,从而使股票跌价的风险得到对冲。在另一类对冲操作中,基金管理人首先选定某类行情看涨的行业,买进该行业几只优质股,同时以一定比率卖出该行业中几只劣质股。如此组合的结果是,如该行业预期表现良好,优质股涨幅必超过其他同行业的股票,买入优质股的收益将大于卖空劣质股的损失;如果预期错误,此行业股票不涨反跌,那么较差公司的股票跌幅必大于优质股,则卖空盘口所获利润必高于买入优质股下跌造成的损失。正因为如此的操作手段,早期的对冲基金可以说是一种基于避险保值的保守投资策略的基金管理形式。对冲基金的英文名称为Hedge Fund,意为"风险对冲过的基金",起源于50年代初的美国。其操作的宗旨,在于利用期货、期权等金融衍生产品以及对相关联的不同股票进行实买空卖、风险对冲的操作技巧,在一定程度上可规避和化解投资风险。经过几十年的演变,对冲基金已失去其初始的风险对冲的内涵,对冲基金已成为一种新的投资模式的代名词。即基于最新的投资理论和复杂的金融市场操作技巧,充分利用各种金融衍生产品的杠杆效用,承担高风险、追求高收益的投资模式。

数字期权

经济日报

7月20日,广东省珠海市不动产登记中心和阿里巴巴蚂蚁集团签订合作框架协议,开启探索区块链技术在不动产登记领域的创新应用先河。

根据合作协议,珠海市不动产登记中心携手蚂蚁集团,合作共创区块链不动产登记方案,包括试点区块链抵押登记方案等。基于蚂蚁房产链技术,珠海不动产登记中心将实现与银行等业务系统的连接,实现多种区块链+在线登记业务。

蚂蚁集团智能科技事业群创新金融部总经理邹志鹏介绍说,老百姓在买房卖房以及办理房贷过程中,往往涉及到各种复杂的材料准备、手续等等,单以房贷为例,整个业务办理下来快则半个月、慢则数月。要解决这个问题,需要实现房产领域的数字化。而区块链技术解决的是数字化当中个人、银行、政府三方互信的问题。“仍然以房贷为例,蚂蚁区块链可以让老百姓、银行、政府通过区块链技术来实现关键数据可信传输以及产权登记的闭环,实现产权人的自主意愿确认、减少银行人工操作、增强政府与银行之间的信息传输安全性,大幅提升客户办理房产业务办理的整体效率和安全性。

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